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Jordan Valley Unified Water Plan
(詳細はwater resource development of the Jordan Valley. It was negotiated and developed by US ambassador Eric Johnston between 1953 and 1955, and based on an earlier plan commissioned by United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA). Modeled upon the Tennessee Valley Authority's engineered development plan, it was approved by technical water committees of all the regional riparian countries—Israel, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria.〔The UNRWA commissioned a plan for the development of the Jordan River; this became widely known as "The Johnston plan". The plan was modelled on the Tennessee Valley Authority development plan for the development of the Jordan River as a single unit. Greg Shapland, (1997) (''Rivers of Discord: International Water Disputes in the Middle East'' ), C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, ISBN 1-85065-214-7 p 14〕 Though the plan was rejected by the Arab League, both Israel and Jordan undertook to abide by their allocations under the plan. The US provided funding for Israel's National Water Carrier after receiving assurances from Israel that it would continue to abide by the plan's allocations.〔Sosland, Jeffrey (2007) (''Cooperating Rivals: The Riparian Politics of the Jordan River Basin'' ), SUNY Press, ISBN 0-7914-7201-9 p 70〕 Similar funding was provided for Jordan's East Ghor Main Canal project after similar assurances were obtained from Jordan.〔''Water Resources in Jordan'', Munther J. Haddadin, editor, RFF Press, 2006〕
==Background==
In the late 1930s and mid 1940s, Transjordan and the Zionist Organization commissioned mutually exclusive, competing water resource development studies. The Transjordanian study, performed by Michael G. Ionides, concluded that the naturally available water resources were not sufficient to sustain a Jewish homeland and the destination of Jewish immigrants. The Zionist's study, by the American engineer Walter Clay Lowdermilk concluded similarly, but noted that by diverting water from the Jordan River basin to the Negev for support of agricultural and residential development there, a Jewish state with 4 million new immigrants would be sustainable.〔''Water Resources in Jordan'', Munther J. Haddadin, pp. 237–238, Resources for the Future, 2006〕
In 1953, Israel began construction of a water carrier to take water from the Sea of Galilee to the populated center and agricultural south of the country, while Jordan concluded an agreement with Syria, known as the Bunger plan, to dam the Yarmouk river near Maqarin, and utilize its waters to irrigate Jordanian territory, before they could flow to the Sea of Galilee.〔''Water Resources in Jordan'', Munther J. Haddadin, p. 239, Resources for the Future, 2006〕 Military clashes ensued, and US President Dwight Eisenhower dispatched ambassador Johnston to the region to work out a plan that would regulate water usage.〔''Water Resources in Jordan'', Munther J. Haddadin, p. 32, Resources for the Future, 2006〕
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